Essay on All the disappearing islands Outline - 637 Words

WR 98: Intro to College Reading Writing Outline for â€Å"All the Disappearing Islands† A. Paragraph 1: Introduction Julia Whitty writes about the amazing beauty of Tuvalu Islands B. Paragraphs 2-3: General Idea The general idea is the environmental and cultural impact of melting ice caps on the nation of Tuvalu. Global Warming could cause the sea to expand and rise faster than the corals could fortify themselves against it and Tuvalu could disappear beneath the waves. This not only risks the population of the island but also to the unique human culture born and bred in this watery island. C. Paragraphs 4-6: Tuvalu’s traits This is a waterfront property, and no one has ever lived a moment without hearing†¦show more content†¦Warming oceans might trigger an eruption of methane now frozen beneath the sea floor, leading to global warming on a catastrophic scale. Big nations like Australia and the US who are responsible for most of the world’s pollution chose to ignore this evidence. Tuvaluans see the evidence with their own eyes every day. Only 75 islanders a year will be accepted as refugees by New Zeland. H. Paragraphs 26-36: Tuvalu’s perspective on the future. Even after all the evidence Funafuti seems to be building like a nation with a long term future. New houses are springing up and the nation prosperity is growing. Tuvaluans are very religious. Most of Tuvalu’s landmass is composed of the bones of its people I. Paragraphs 37-40: Tuvalu’s population and culture. Many young Tuvaluans are being sent away for school. Recent population estimates indicate that in the last two years some 2,000 have fled the rising waters. Tuvalu has managed the resources well growing the national fund o $30 million. J. Paragraphs 41-45: The world’s response toward global warming. The government is seeking allies among other island nations for a lawsuit against the United States and Australia to be brought in front of the International Court of Justice. Many other islands like Kiribati and Trinidad are have similar issues. Eventually the cost will be high for all nations. K. Paragraph 46: Conclusion. Within the coming decades the atolls of TuvaluShow MoreRelated Dreams of Blacks Deferred in the Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesflooding into the area from all over the world, fleeing from the racial intolerance of the South and the economic problems of the Caribbean and Latin America. Eventually Harlem became an entirely black area. However, this town once filled with much potential soon became riddled with overpopulation, exploitation, and poverty. Thus, what awaited new arrivals was not a dream; rather, it was a dream deferred (Harlem Today). Hughes first poem Harlem clearly outlines the dream deferred themeRead MoreA Dream Deferred - the Poetry of Langston Hughes1647 Words   |  7 Pagesflooding into the area from all over the world, fleeing from the racial intolerance of the South and the economic problems of the Caribbean and Latin America. Eventually Harlem became an entirely black area. However, this town once filled with much potential soon became riddled with overpopulation, exploitation, and poverty. Thus, what awaited new arrivals was not a dream; rather, it was adream deferred (Harlem Today).brbrHughes first poemHarlem clearly outlines thedream deferred theme,Read MoreBook Report : Tangata O Le Moana2043 Words   |  9 Pagesknew nothing about, and I became thrilled at the thought that this class would help me understand them. Tangata O Le Moana is the required text for PASI 101. It is about the history, lives, and hardships of the pacific people in New Zealand and the islands. This textbook has helped guide me through the class while also providing a way to help me understand the foreign country that is now my home. Throughout this essay, I will summarize the information that is given throughout the book. Then, I willRead More The Bermuda Triangle Essay1902 Words   |  8 Pagesalarming rate. A small part of the Bermuda Triangle lies in the Sargasso Sea. This sea is best known for its tall, thick, floating seaweed called Sargassum. The seaweed is thought to be a forest that once rested on an island in the Atlantic Ocean. According to legend, the island sank at a very quick pace, taking with it the forest and vegetation. One of the most notable disappearances is that of Flight 19. This was basically what started the craze. 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Based on ethnographic observations and interviews on Martha s Vineyard, William Labov (Labov 1963) established that the pronunciation of /ay/ had been recruited as an indexical resource in a local ideological struggle. This diphthong had a centralized nucleus in the Vineyard dialect, but for some years, island speakers had been following the mainland trend to lower the nucleus to [É‘]. LabovRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesOxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or underRead MoreMalaysia Airlines Business Plan9468 Words   |  38 Pages This Business Plan outlines our near-term recovery plan to move us to profitability by 2013, as well as a set of ‘game changers’ to sustain our performance and create a platform for continued growth for Malaysia Airlines’ future. Executing this plan is key to our recovery. It will require complete focus and commitment to make hard and difficult decisions in the next 24 months and the strongest determination to see these initiatives succeed. 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Arnold Friend Symbolism Analysis - 790 Words

â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†, by Joyce Carole Oates is about a young girl named Connie and her consequences for living a sinful life. Connie is a fifteen-year-old girl that one day gets a visit from two unexpected visitors. Oates uses symbolism throughout the short story to support her theme of evilness and sinfulness. There are many examples of symbolism being used in this story, with Arnold Friend being the most important symbol. When Arnold Friend and Ellie arrive to Connie’s house she notices something strange about Arnold. For one, they pulled up in a bright gold car with writing all over it. His name is written on the car along with a grinning face with sunglasses and three random numbers. She notices that it looks as†¦show more content†¦The three numbers did not mean anything to her. The three numbers the Devil stated symbolize a verse in the Bible. If you count backwards thirty-three books in the Old Testament of the Bible you will be in the book of Judges. If you go to chapter nineteen, verse seventeen you will see where â€Å"The old man said, Where are you going, and where do you come from?†, this is where the title is from (Gruenewald). The symbolism of these numbers helps to develop Oates theme of sinfulness and evilness, because the Devil is trying to see if the numbers mean anything to Connie. The last symbol Oates uses in the story is the phone. Arnold Friend is outside leaned against his car talking to Connie through a screen door. Connie is standing against the door wanting Arnold to leave but he will not. Connie told him that she is going to call the police if he does not leave, his response was that if she touches the phone he will have to come inside. The reason the Devil does not want Connie to use the phone is because she is going to call God for help. The phone symbolizes a stairway to Heaven, a safe place away from the Devil. Connie runs to the phone and picks it up, and all in a blur she is screaming for her mother and is being â€Å"stabbed† by Arnold repetitively. Arnold tells Connie to hang the phone back up and come outside with him, and at his command she does. She feels as though she is watching herself walk outShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2011 Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates In 1966, Joyce Carol Oates published her short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†. Oates was inspired to write this story after reading about a serial killer that was referred to as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson†. Oates was disturbed by the number of teenagers that this killer was able to persuade to help him and keep his secrets (Oates 1). Oates uses irony, imagery, and symbolism to support herRead More Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Oates1222 Words   |  5 Pagesof teenagers newly formed adolescent minds that any effective argument for responsible attitudes or analysis of sexual behavior in teens should be expressed with a certain minimal degree of clarity. Unfortunately, this essential lucidity of advice is missing in the short story â€Å"Where are You Going, Where Have You Been,† in which the misguided Joyce Carol Oates creates the character of Arthur Friend as a clichà © personification of the inner demon of uncontro llably budding sexuality. Instead, the murkyRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe Critical Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagesand downs which relate to his characters and the themes of his stories. In The Cask of Amontillado poe uses irony, symbolism and the theme of revenge to draw in the reader and to leave and deep emotional reaction to the story that won’t soon be forgotten. Edgar Allan Poe was born January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. His Parents were both actors, his mother Elizabeth Arnold Poe and his father David Poe Jr. Both of his parents died when he was just two years old. His only brother died youngRead MoreAnalytical analysis and comparism of an everyday text with a literary text3840 Words   |  16 Pages‘Self’s the man’ (see Appendix, Text 1), as the literary text for analysis because it is not only smooth and pleasing to the eye and mind that it seems effortless to read and contain within one’s self but also because it arouses so many emotions which makes it ideal for analysis. In ‘Self’s the man’ Larkin (1964), is being cynical towards relationships and through the satirization of marriage; he contrasts himself with a mythical other, Arnold, with a view of talking about who is more selfish, claimingRead MoreSymbolic Meaning of the Land in Gone with the Wind6993 Words   |  28 PagesR eviewÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...4 2.1 Brief Introduction of Margaret Mitchell and Gone with the WindÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…4 2.2 Previous Researches of Gone with the WindÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 2.3 The Views about Sociology of NovelsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..5 Chapter 3 Narrative Analysis of the LandÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...7 3.1 Contextual Meaning of the LandÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..7 3.2 Social Emotions of Novels of the LandÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…8 3.3 Social Function of Novels of the LandÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...Â…..9 3.4 Living CircumstancesRead MoreAnalysing the Black Cat Using Labovs Narrative Structure5713 Words   |  23 Pagesstory to form the elements of tragedy, mystery and terror as presented in the short story In completing the task, I will use Labov’s Narrative Theory to conduct narrative analysis of the short story, The Black Cat written by Edgar Allan Poe. The structure of this essay begins with the introduction to narrative and narrative analysis. The second part develops in the literature review where I will explain Labov’s Narrative Structure and introducing the author of the story, Edgar Allan Poe. The sectionRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesMarx’s economic theories as such: we shall confine our discussion to their methodological premises and implications. It will in any case be obvious to the reader that the present writer upholds the validity of their content. Secondly, a detailed analysis of Rosa Luxemburg’s thought is necessary because its seminal discoveries no less than its errors have had a decisive influence on the theories of Marxists outside Russia, above all in Germany. To some extent t his influence persists to this day. ForRead MoreThe Impact of Brand Endorsements on Consumer Behaviour in Mtn4568 Words   |  19 Pagesresearch is undertaken, and its objectives. Chapter two gives an overview of the literature review; both theoretical and empirical of works and researches that have been done in the area of celebrity endorsements. It gives a critical and in depth analysis and points. Included are also terminologies in the subject area. Chapter three covers the methodology and general design of how the research will be undertaken and analyzed. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Literature The American MarketingRead MoreConsumer Behaviour Towards Watches26763 Words   |  108 PagesData Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦32 3.4 Sampling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.34 3.5 Questionnaire Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..36 3.6 Ethical Awareness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..38 3.7 Chapter Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦39 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦40 4.1 Quantitative Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..40 4.1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦40 4.1.2 Consumer behaviour of students purchasing luxury brand products†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.43 4.1.3 4.2 HypothesisRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheory focuses attention on the human issues in organization ‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory’ How Roethlisberger developed a ‘practical’ organization theory Column 1: The core contributing social sciences Column 2: The techniques for analysis Column 3: The neo-modernist perspective Column 4: Contributions to business and management Four combinations of science, scientific technique and the neo-modernist approach reach different parts of the organization Level 1: Developing the organization

Problems And Challenges Facing The Construction Industry Construction Essay Example For Students

Problems And Challenges Facing The Construction Industry Construction Essay There are legion of import challenges confronting today s building industry that are actuating the acceptance of new engineerings such as RFID and detectors engineering. Some are new to the industry, and some are centuries old. Many of these challenges are a direct consequence of building operations, while others a consequence of indirect, peripheral activities. Some of the building issues include workforce considerations, safety, clip restraints, and the changing nature of the work. Non-construction challenges that building industry faces that are portion of the concern landscape include legal issues, authorities ordinances, environmental concerns, and socio-political force per unit areas. Besides in add-on to these challenges, the building industry is extremely competitory, and houses must continually better their productiveness to stay competitory. At present, a chronic job in the building industry that requires pressing attending is building supply concatenation. The building sup ply concatenation web can be classified as a large and complex administration that is hard to pull off. This is because the operations or activities involved in the building web consist of multidiscipline groups and undertakings. The construct of supply concatenation direction is about pull offing information and stuff flows, works operations, and logistics through a common set of rules, schemes, policies and public presentation prosodies throughout its developmental life rhythm. As portion of the back bone for the supply concatenation procedures, the logistics play a critical function in optimising the flow of stuffs, equipment and people. The building logistics is one of the important direction factors in order to predate building undertaking. If stuffs which are needed in building undertaking do non provide in right topographic point on clip, it can do jobs such as detaining agenda, increasing the cost of building and cut downing productiveness. The designation of stuff, placing stuffs traveling flow in logistics and tracking stuffs location are needed for successful undertaking direction in building. A study Improving Construction Logistics published by the Strategic Forum for Construction in August 2005 revealed that rather a considerable sum of waste produced in the building is caused by hapless direction of stuffs bringing services ( e.g. from supply logistics to site logistics ) , stock list, communications and human resources. The effects of hapless construction-logistics are the undermentioned reverse ; approximately 30 % of losingss in overall building cost, lending to the bad image of the industry, hapless quality of merchandise, increased undertaking continuance and added hazards to workers wellness and safety. The usage of Information Technology ( IT ) and larning from other industries were portion of the recommendation and action programs suggested by the Strategic Forum commission for better logistics procedures. Jang et Al ( 2003 ) and Rebolj et Al ( 2008 ) besides suggested that a great trade of bettering the construction-logistics must be focused on the stuffs an d information bringing in order to accomplish better productiveness, avoiding holds and cut downing waste. In contrast to fabricating industries, which net income from durable partnership with providers and clients, construction-logistics supply ironss are well more hard to pull off and optimise due to assorted factors such as variegation of undertakings ( i.e. assorted stuffs, methods, undertaking location ) and proficient complexness of a undertaking. Ahuja V. and Yang J. ( 2005 ) : Towards IT Enabled Supply Chain Communications in Construction Project Management, International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management in a Global Economy, May 2005, pp. 289-302 Ribeiro F. L. And Lopes J. ( 2001 ) : Construction Supply Chain Integration over the Internet and Web Technology, 17th ARCOM Annual Conference, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Salford, Reading, Vol.1, pp. 241-252, September 2001. Jang H. , Russell J.S. and Yi J. S. ( 2003 ) : A Project Manager s Level of Satisfaction in Construction Logistics, Can. J. Civ. Eng. 30, pp. 1133-1142 ( 2003 ) Rebolj D. , Babic N. C. , Magdic A. Podbreznik P. and Psunder M. ( 2008 ) : Automated Construction Activity Monitoring System, Advanced Engineering Informatics. Balqis Omar, Tabarak Ballal, INTELLIGENT WIRELESS WEB SERVICES: CONTEXT-AWARE Computer science IN CONSTRUCTION-LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN. Journal of Information Technology in Construction, ITcon Vol. 14 ( 2009 ) , pg. 289-pg. 308 Outline1 2 3 4 4. System execution Hemingway EssayUndertakings to Simple Routine, 5pp. Smith, H. and Konsynsky, B. ( 2003 ) . Developments in Practice Ten: Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) -An Internet for Physical Objects. Communication Association for Information System, 12, 301-311. Wessel, R. ( 2007 ) . DHL to Market RFID Enabling Smart Box. RFID Journal ( available at: htt: //www.rfidjournal/article/articlereview/2945/ ) Bacheldor, B. ( 2006 ) . Honda UK To Track Component Through The Supply Chain. RFID Journal ( available at: htt: //www.rfidjournal/article/articlereview/2703/ . Milan Radosavljevic, Dauda Dan-Asabe, HOW COULD CONSTRUCTION SUPPLY CHAIN BENEFIT FROM RFID/GPS INTEGRATION: A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE, CIB W102 3rd International Conference 2007. Information engineering ( IT ) is of import in successfully commanding and pull offing building undertakings, peculiarly in heightening communicating and coordination among participants. Communication and coordination must be maintained to back up resource and competence sharing within the web of a building concatenation or the building concatenation web. Furthermore, incorporating assuring information engineerings such as personal digital helpers ( PDA ) , radio frequence designation ( RFID ) scanning and informations entry mechanisms can assist better the effectivity and convenience of information flow in building supply concatenation systems. 1.1. Problem statements Project direction and control public presentation can be enhanced by enabling participants to portion information with each other. However, two major cardinal facets of information sharing are information acquisition and information communicating. Information acquisition jobs in a building undertaking follow from most of the informations and information being gathered from the building site, which is an extension of the building concatenation. The effectivity of information and information acquisition influences the information flow between the office and the building site. However, on-site applied scientists by and large use written paperss, drawings, contracts, specifications and store drawings for occupation sites. Consequently, a clip and infinite spread between the occupation site and the office causes duplicate of informations and information, deficiency of informations and information, and associated confusion. Restated, bing agencies of treating information and accumulating i nformations are non merely time-consuming and expensive, but besides compromise undertaking direction public presentation in information acquisition. Furthermore, building contractors usually depend on interactions via telephone or facsimile to pass on with providers, subcontractors and interior decorators. Consequently, minutess are often lost or misunderstood. Such agencies of pass oning information between sites and offices, and among all participants, are uneffective and inconvenient. 4. System execution This subdivision illustrates the execution and faculty of the RFID-enabled PDAs system. aˆ? Inventory direction faculty The Inventory direction faculty is an easy-access and portable environment in which on-site applied scientists can follow and enter all information on the position of stuffs in the warehouse or on the scheduled bringing list. This faculty enables on-site applied scientists to better stock list direction on building sites. aˆ? Quality and review faculty On-site applied scientists can download the most up-to-date quality trials from the Internet, and can come in trial consequences straight via PDA. Additionally, PDAs display the codification and/or checklist for each of import constituent and work. On-site applied scientists besides can plot unacceptable places on a drawing and take relevant points from the lists in the PDA. The faculty has the advantage that on-site applied scientists can enter/edit quality and review trial consequence on the building site and all trial records can be communicated between the PDA and the portal via real-time synchronism, extinguishing the demand to repeatedly come in the same information. aˆ? Progress proctor faculty This faculty is designed to assist directors and on-site applied scientists monitor the advancement of the cardinal constituents. Furthermore, directors, on-site applied scientists and undertaking related participants can portion the current advancement or bringing status of these critical plants and constituents. The agenda direction faculty provides an easy-access and portable environment in which on-site applied scientists can follow and enter all information on the position of constituents delivered to the warehouse or on scheduled for bringing. 5.1. Production stage 5.2. Trial and storage stage 5.3. Delivery stage 5.4. On-site and review stage 5.5. Inventory stage 5.6. Installation stage Lung-Chuang Wang a, Yu-Cheng Lin a, * , Pao H. Lin Dynamic nomadic RFID-based supply concatenation control and direction system in building. Advanced Engineering Information sciences 21 ( 2007 ) 377-390

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution

Introduction Negotiations are often held in order to achieve goals that exist in an environment of contention. This means that there has to be more that one party that seeks to take advantage of scarce or shared resources. The need to ensure that one gets the most out of a negotiation warrants the identification of a number of steps that have to be followed as well as a number of underlying issues that have to be identified and incorporated in the negotiation process.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Negotiation and Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main goal of following these steps as well as incorporating all the varied issues in the process does not necessarily lie in the achievement of a particular resource advantage over the other parties involved, but rather the sustenance of the entire negotiation process. Some of the most heated negotiation scenarios, which are identified t o be quite common, are business transactions. These involve different parties that seek to acquire particular products at the lowest possible price while other parties seek to dispose of a product and gain the most in terms of the respective exchange resource identified (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse and Miall 37). The need to maximize the benefits reaped out of a negotiation warrants not only the identification of one’s stakes in the negotiation, but those of the other parties as well. Preparation While preparing for a negotiation it is important to identify a number of issues that are not only important in identifying one’s position in the negotiation process, but also the position that the other parties to the negotiation are. This serves to ensure that all the parties are aware of all the stakes involved so as to avoid a situation where one of the parties is blindsided or ambushed. This has been known to be quite detrimental to a negotiation especially where one of the par ties decides to pull out after identifying that he or she may be getting the sharp end of the stick. The fact that one has to get into a negotiation while he or she is already aware of the underlying issues that are under negotiation means that there has to be prior debriefing where all the identified objectives of the negotiation are identified and communicated (Christie 31). These should be divided into a number of categories, which range from the most important to the least important, since this helps to identify the particular objectives that can be leveraged if the negotiation seems to be too stiff and the other parties seem to be unrelenting in making a balanced argument. Objectives The need to leverage one’s position in the negotiation also warrants an identification of all the priorities that the different parties to the whole negotiation process have. This should help in identifying the stakes that are held in the negotiation especially where the parties may have to make sacrifices so as to accommodate the demands of the other parties.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is obvious to assume that all the parties in every negotiation have a number of bargaining chips on the side, but this may not be the case all the time as the adequate preparation of all parties through a situational audit usually helps in identifying the situation that the other party is in (Krivis 82). This helps to identify just how far one can push the negotiation before the other party snaps or gives in. It is identified that pushing an individual who does not have much to leverage may result in negative outcomes especially where they may choose to pull out of the whole process after identifying that they may be the biggest losers in the whole process. The need to assure all the parties involved that they will most probably come out of the negotiation as winners helps to ensure that the whole process is successful. By identifying the particular objectives as well as priorities held in the negotiation process, one is also able to ensure that they achieve their goal with as much efficiency as is possible. In a business negotiation, the objectives identified may vary from maximizing the monetary resource to maximizing one’s control on a particular resource. Identifying one’s needs as well as those of the other parties involved ensures one of leverage especially where they are in a position to control the outcomes of the party (Moffitt et, al. 91). Information The main motivation towards negotiating is often the need to win or achieve something that the other party is in control of. This means that there has to be adequate information on the particular stakes that are in the whole negotiation process. Having adequate or even more information than the other parties in the negotiation often gives one an upper hand in the wh ole process by ensuring that they can identify the different weaknesses that the other parties have and taking advantage of them. The particular information needed in the negotiation process has to relate to both the main issues as well as any other underlying issues that may serve to boost one’s position in the whole process. The balance of power in this case should allow one to identify where to shift the negotiation process to weaken the opponent especially if the opponent may be too strong or rather, may be presenting a very strong case that one cannot dispute (Bercovitch and Jackson 92). The fact that the priorities held by both parties have already been identified serves to cement one’s position in the whole process where the weak who have less to leverage end up losing out. Business information is often free to obtain in the market, but while most of the information in such negotiations may be common knowledge, the information that actually matters is the one th at even the party that it belongs to does not know is out there in the market. This type of information can be used to gain immense negotiation power especially where one may be blindsided.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Negotiation and Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Solid arguments that cannot be disputed are identified to give a negotiator an upper hand especially where they present a very strong case against the other party in the negotiation. This also ensures that a negotiator is not taken by surprise where one of the parties identifies a fact that negates the progress of the whole process or reduces one’s leverage as well as priorities that make the difference between winning and losing. This should, however, not mean that there is no possibility of factoring in a number of assumptions especially where the issue under contention is known to all the parties involved (Z artman 103). While complex information may serve to give one an upper hand in the whole negotiation process, the lack of it could result in failure and substituting the available information that is yet to be substantiated with a common assumption may serve to save the whole negotiation process. This also works where the parties involved may not be fully aware of other underlying factors or issues that are in the industry or environment. This is especially important where there are unknown variables that may shift the whole balance of power in the negotiation process. Even though one of the parties may be at an advantage in such a situation, the unpredictability involved with unknown variables may make those who seem to have more to leverage skeptical over their whole strategy and position in the negotiation process (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse and Miall 103). Concessions The identification of the different issues that are at stake in the negotiation, which is often complemented by superi or information and communication systems, helps in identifying the concessions inherent in the negotiation. These have to be identified in terms of their value where the highest is leveraged while the lowest are used to gain negotiation mileage especially where one of the parties may seem too rigid and reluctant to accepting any of the terms discussed. The need to exchange value is advised by the fact that none of the parties to the negotiation ever wants to emerge as the loser in the whole process. This means that by identifying the different concessions that each party has to present a balance of whatever suits all parties can be identified and traded without having to degenerate into conflict over who is gaining what or loosing what since all the parties identify that they have to gain something from the other party or parties (Moore and Woodrow 23). The value of concessions is, however, one of the issues that may be contentious as different parties may perceive the value of conc essions based on whoever holds them or rather has leverage over them.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact that negotiations are often fueled by the different stakes that the different parties hold means that each party has the liberty to name their price, but have to expect the other party to reciprocate accordingly. Where one may seem as if they are losing out of the negotiated deal, they may just choose to redeem themselves by issuing high value concessions that the other parties may not be in a position to match. Discretion and caution is, therefore, advised when identifying or defining the value of concessions in every negotiation (Whetten and Cameron 47). The fact the previously set up information and communication systems are able to bring out the underlying facts on the condition of all the parties involved, serves to ease the whole process of valuing concessions. Since not all concessions may be identified to be of value in the particular situation that one is in, there is a need to evaluate those presented to ensure that the value is maintained at relevant levels witho ut having to lose out on a good deal. The reverse should also be identified where one has to identify the particular concessions that he or she holds that may be of the highest value to the other parties depending on their situation. This should help build their already leveraged position to ensure that they are in a better position to negotiate for the best possible terms as per their case. The fact that everyone who takes part in a negotiation does so under the assumption that he or she stands to gain or equally lose if the whole negotiation process is not successful means that one’s position in the negotiation is fully dependent on their ability to present the other party with concessions that they need after which they have to get what they in turn need (Krivis 104). This should, therefore, create a situation where all the parties involved go home with confidence in the belief that they have won while the other party lost. Variables The success of a negotiation process to one of the parties with no regard to other parties involved mainly lies in the ability of one of the parties to achieve their personal interests as they set out to do at the beginning of the negotiation. The fact that some of the interests are often disguised under leverage and concessions means that there may be a chance where not all of the individual interests may be achieved at the end of the whole process. There is, therefore, a need to identify the most vital interests so as to ensure that one gets the best deal out of the whole negotiation process. The fact that different parties often have varied interests means that there is a high chance for all the parties involved to identify different vital interests and this may serve to increase the chance of a successful agreement at the end of the negotiation as well as reduce the time taken in the whole process. By identifying one’s vital interests he or she may be in a position to ensure that the whole negotiation process is conducted with one single goal in sight (Deutsch 42). This serves to reduce the time lost while negotiating for other issues in the process of trying to shift the power balance to one’s favor. It also serves to reduce the chances of the negotiator being blindsided or taken by surprise in the process, thereby losing his or her leverage against the other parties. Being aware of the interest of the other parties also serves to increase ones chances of winning and closing as a winner especially where he or she is able to match up to the unexpected leverage presented by the other parties. This also helps to predict the whole flow of the negotiation process and to identify the different variables that are in play, which then gives one some level of control over the whole negotiation process. Bridging factors have to be identified to ensure that all the parties remain relevant in the negotiation process. While ensuring that the negotiation continues smoothly may be identified as a secondary goal, which comes after ensuring that one gets the best deal out of the negotiation, the need to ensure that the negotiation flows smoothly to fruition is as important as the decision to join the negotiations in the first place (Moffitt et, al. 129). These are identified as the shared interests between the parties involved. These factors should always be leveraged by relinquishing some of the power that one may hold in a particular negotiation especially where the sustenance of the whole negotiation process may be at stake. At one point in the negotiation one has to identify particular interests that have to be given up to ensure that the process continues and that the he or she achieves the main or rater critical interests. The need to relinquish some of the leverage held should always be advised by some thorough research into the other parties to the negotiation (Bercovitch and Jackson 149). This should help in ensuring that one identifies the best interests that he or she may have to give up so as to ensure that they reach an agreement on the ones that are most desired. The fact that the other parties may pull out a fast one after one has relinquished some of his or her leverage means that there has to be a fallback position that will ensure that there is the safe reorganization of priorities as well as leverage ones power and position in the whole process (Christie 48). This may often happen where fact on the other parties or even the issues being negotiated may be distorted or just plain wrong, in which case one may find it tough to convince other parties to accept flawed arguments. Strategy The need to come up with a basic strategy complements the objectives identified. This strategy should incorporate all the variables identified as well as concessions established. It should also exploit the identified information and communication structures to ensure that the whole process remains successful all through. The need for a basic strategy also serves to ensure that a negotiating team is cooperative in its efforts and flows in unison where the efforts of each team member complements those of the other team members. The size of the team has to be factored in the process of formulating a negotiation strategy (Whetten and Cameron 78). While it may be identified that predictability may work negatively on one’s negotiating position and power, it is identified that simplicity and flexibility in the strategy adopted serves to improve one’s chances of success especially where the issues being negotiated are too complex and the negotiating teams may be large. It is identified that while simplicity serves to ensure that there is a steady flow as well as cooperation in the negotiation process, flexibility in strategy on the other hand serves to ensure that one is ready for any challenges that he or she may face in the process, especially where the other parties in the negotiation may be in a position of power or have mo re to leverage (Deutsch 135). The ability to adapt especially in light of questioning sessions that may often be used to weaken one of the parties, serves to increase one’s chances of increasing his or her bargaining power. A strategy has to incorporate the needs of all the parties involved without becoming too complex to a point where no one can comprehend its basic tenets let alone apply it in the real negotiation. Teamwork Where a team of negotiators is involved, the cooperation between the different team members often has a significant impact on the success of the whole process. To achieve the best synchrony there has to be defined tasks that have to be performed by each team member. The first should be the team leader who should be in a position to coordinate the activities of the team not only during the negotiation, but also before the negotiation when the team is still in the planning and the strategy formulation phases (Zartman 164). This should serve to ensure they are all aware of their input in the whole process as well as ensure that all the team members have each other’s back in case the negotiation process becomes too heated. There has to be a main speaker who will initiate dialogue with the other party while directing the whole flow of the negotiation process. This particular individual should have excellent communication and negotiation skills as well as be quite versed on the subject matter of the negotiation even though not in detail. A support speaker should be able to handle any questions or arguments that the main speaker may not be in a position to satisfactorily answer. There has to be a questioner who should be aware of all the interests of the parties as well as be extremely versed on the subject matter so as to be able to identify any underlying issues raised by the other party, which may lead to insufficient outcomes. There should be someone to summarize who should then serve to close the deal by ensuring that he or sh e captures the interest of the other party while ensuring that the team’s interests are served effectively (Moore and Woodrow 36). The fact that the team needs to understand the other party to the negotiation as well as learn from the negotiation process means that there has to be an observer who has to identify the main issues in the negotiation process and ensure that the process stays on track and the main objectives are effectively served. These different positions in every team can at times be shared among the same persons and at times they can overlap each other depending on the negation and the resources available in the negation process. Arguments Most negotiations involve arguments, but this may not be guaranteed depending on the individuals involved as well as the nature of the negotiation. This requires brief and strong statements so as to decrease one’s chances of confusing oneself. The fact that heated arguments may degenerate to include emotional outburst s means that one has to exercise caution while trying to induce emotion into the process while keeping his or her own emotions manageable (Moffitt et, al. 172). There is also a need to exchange information freely by ensuring that the other party gets a chance to communicate. Listening is often identified as courteous while at the same time serving to increase one’s chance of identifying loop holes that can be exploited to improve his or her position in the whole process. Questions serve to give one a chance to seek clarification as well as to convince the other party that one is paying attention. This is often advantageous in increasing trust as well as affirming ones interest in the whole negotiation, which serves to sustain the negation to a point where all the parties reach an amicable agreement. This gives one a chance to look out for clues that serve to improve one’s position in the negotiation while at the same time building on the other party’s ideas (Kri vis 243). In a business negotiation, the making of a sale should be based on what the other party needs and how best to satisfy that need. The fact that most personal needs are unique makes it hard to actually pitch an exact idea as that held by the other party and the best way to ensure that the negotiation is fool proof is by initiating an argument that should then ensure that the other party appreciates one’s efforts. Proposing The process of proposing has to be preceded by an evaluation of the position that one is in as far as the negotiation is concerned. The strength of one’s position at this point should dictate the weight of the proposal made. In the case of a business negotiation, where one may be playing the defensive card over in efficiencies identified by the other party, it may not be so wise to make a significant proposal or even propose anything at all. Strait facts are quite important and the gathering of important and factual information on the issues at hand as well as on the other parties in the negotiation should be of paramount importance (Zartman 218). Where the negotiation is done using factual background information, it is identified that there is less ambiguity and control can be established based on the nature of the factual information held. Where one is in a position of power and still has some leverage left, one can propose anything and even go further to give conditions to ensure that he or she gets the best out of the deal. Bargain When bargaining, one has to identify the particular interests of the other party and match them with his or her own to ensure that he or she does not lose out on resources that would have otherwise been placed on the table (Moore and Woodrow 152). The fact that the value of the variables identified dictates that interests have to conform to a particular hierarchy means that one should protect the most important interests in the negotiation while using the less important interests as barga ining chips. Having leveraged heavily in the argument and proposal, one should be in a position to compel the other party to give up some of their important interests in exchange for some less important ones. This should ensure that the maximum amount of gains is made out of the whole negotiation process. At times, one may need to act tough, but caution should be exercised to ensure that one does not negate all the progress made in the negotiation by coming out as being uncooperative and conservative (Whetten and Cameron 126). Leading with conditions increases one’s chance of ensuring that he or she is calling the shots and keeping everything negotiated linked serves to cement this authority by assuring the other party that they stand to lose more if one’s demands are not met. Closing The condition that one is in during closing in terms of interests enjoyed after one’s proposal has been accepted often dictates the type of closing to be made. This may either be a summary closing, a conditional closing or a concessional closing, in which case the next step is identified to vary between adjournment, denial or acceptance. One may also need to evaluate whatever has been agreed on so as to ensure that everything is clear as well as to identify any outstanding issues that may have been over looked (Bercovitch and Jackson 324). This is meant to avert any future legal proceedings arising out of conflicting interests not covered in the negation or wrongly interpreted in the process of negotiation. Conclusion The strategy should be able to incorporate logic and reason so as to cover factual negotiations that cannot be disputed in the negotiation process as well as in the future where there may be legal proceedings seeking to reverse or negate the decisions made in the negotiation. In a business situation one has use logic and reason to get the other party to accept the proposal made. The application of previously identified information should serve t o ensure that one raises perceptions of integrity that often reduce the chances of being ambushed with questions that require factual answers, which often serve to weaken the other party (Christie 62). This should also serve to increase trust since it is identified that people trust those who know more about the business subject and expect them to be right. This should serve to give one an upper hand in the negotiation especially in as far as convincing the other party is concerned. One may also need to incorporate emotional issues in the subject matter under negotiation to arouse the personal and emotional feeling of the other party. This works to ensure that one captures the full attention of the other party and is in a position of power where he or she is able to influence the thinking of the other people or person in the negation (Deutsch 214). An appeal to the emotions of other people is a powerful way to persuade them since it forces them to let their guard down and sympathize with the sentiments raised by the negotiator. The use of questions in the negotiation process can also be aimed at leading the other party to accepting one’s terms by making him or her believe in the stakes raised in the process of negotiation. This should also allow the negotiator to force relationships on the other parties by allowing them to answer rhetorical questions that identify positive and clear facts. The use of repetition also serves to fulfill the same purpose where answers given serve to imply acceptance to proposals made. The fact that the use of lead questions serves to direct the other party to insinuate concessions before they are even verbalized means that, one is able to maintain a powerful rapport even when the other party may not be so willing to accept to the terms of the agreement. It also eases the way for one to make the formal proposal over the terms of the negotiation. There is a need to identify faults and problems before the other party identifie s them to ensure that one maintains their control over the whole process, however, caution has to be exercised to ensure that one does not take responsibility over faults that may be detrimental to the whole negotiation process especially where they may serve to compromise one’s leverage over the other party involved. Where the other party identifies such faults and limitation, the information identified before the whole process should come in handy in asserting one’s authority over his or her credibility in the negotiation and the stakes involved. Works Cited Bercovitch Jacob, and Jackson, Richard. Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-First Century: Principles, Methods, and Approaches. Boston: University of Michigan Press. 2009. Print. Christie, Edward. Finding Solutions For Environmental Conflicts: Power and Negotiation. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2008. Print. Deutsch, Morton. The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. New York: John Wiley Sons. 2006. Print. Krivis, Jeffrey. Improvisational Negotiation: A Mediator’s Stories of Conflict About Love, Money, Anger–And the Strategies That Resolved Them. New York: John Wiley Sons. 2006. Print. Moffitt, Michael. et, al. The Handbook of Dispute Resolution. New York: John Wiley Sons. 2005. Print. Moore Christopher, and Woodrow, Peter. Handbook of Global and Multicultural Negotiation. New York: John Wiley Sons. 2010. Print. Ramsbotham Oliver, Woodhouse, Tom, and Miall, Hugh. Contemporary Conflict Resolution. New York: Polity. 2011. Print. Whetten David, and Cameron, Kim. Developing management skills. New York: Prentice Hall. 2007. Print. Zartman, William. Negotiation and Conflict Management: Essays on Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. 2008. Print. 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