Structures and Agency Essay Example

Structures and Agency Essay What is structure and organization? How does this structure help us in political examination? For it is a vital part of day by day experience to feel both free and enchained, equipped for forming our own future but then went up against by transcending, apparently indifferent imperatives. Thusly in looking up to the issue of structure and organization social scholars are not simply tending to pivotal specialized issues in the investigation of society, they are likewise going up against the most squeezing social issue of the human condition. ’1 Structure and organization is a key understanding system inside sociology. The methodology endeavors to respond to the topic of activity; how could it be that I can do what I need with others when their objectives are unique, and regularly inconsistent with mine? Unmistakable social researchers including Giddens and Archer have recommended that the ‘Structure-Agency’ question is the most significant hypothetical issue inside the human sciences. This discussion has been more slow to have an effect on political theory than on some other sociology trains yet it has been contended that structure-office questions ought to be perceived as integral to the manner in which we study legislative issues. It very well may be contended that there is no ‘escape’ from issues of structure-office. Feed contends: â€Å"Every time we develop, anyway probably, a thought of social, political or financial causality we offer, regardless of whether expressly or (almost certain) verifiably, to thoughts regarding structure and organization. †2 The structure and office can be viewed as urgent to a comprehension of Social Sciences; it has at its base a central inquiry which people have modeled for quite a while. This is a basically standardizing question; would we say we are allowed to go about however we see fit, would we say we are formed and represented by structures? We will compose a custom article test on Structures and Agency explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Structures and Agency explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Structures and Agency explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer No one would contend that structure controls us totally, however not one or the other, in the post-present day world, are we totally free. It is judicious to initially decide look at what we can comprehend by the terms ‘structure’ and ‘agency’. This paper will start will manage a few definitions and sum up the situation from the two sides of the organization structure banter. By inspecting the instance of the ongoing second Gulf War in Iraq, an examination of the handiness of the structure will be talked about to find out its legitimacy in political investigation. The office approach is now and again twinned with methodological independence, which contends that the main reality we can get a handle on is the deeds/activities of people, not classes. The methodology proposes auxiliary powers, for example, authority can't be viewed as genuine; they are impalpable and along these lines we can say nothing provable regarding them. This suggests an epistemology that we can't see classes to clarify the conduct of people. It is in this manner a serious extreme way to deal with the human sciences. Giddens recommends the entertainer is an exemplified unit and in that capacity, an owner of causal forces that she may decide to utilize to mediate (or not) into the progressing succession of occasions on the planet. This makes her an operator. Giddens â€Å"†¦define[s] activity or office as the flood of real or thought about causal intercessions of bodily creatures in the continuous procedure of occasions on the planet. †3 It is systematic to the idea of organization that an individual or specialist â€Å"could have acted something else. †4 This origination of the specialist attaches organization to control. Organization approaches consider the to be as atomized, positting a voluntarist way to deal with human activity. They contend that the setting where an individual lives is a pluralism; social force is spread among gatherings, and that no single gathering overwhelms. The best approach to break down, in this way, is by taking a gander at what the individual lets us know there is an onus on reflexivity; on the individual having the option to represent and know about the reasons and ramifications of their activities. This methodology likewise focuses on schedule. History is taken to be simply the result of openly picked decisions and self-decided deeds: the extraordinary man perspective on history which sees Napoleon, Hitler, Mussolini, Margaret Thatcher and Bush as figures that, through freewill and conduct, changed the course of history. Extraordinary renditions of this reasoning hold that clarification of this is outside human ability to grasp. Pundits of this methodology guarantee this is powerful despite the fact that structure approaches give us an exceptionally one-dimensional view. Individualists would contend that we are more extravagant as people than structure approach speculations can anticipate. This is a diagram of organization draws near, which are regularly lumped along with conservatism, guaranteeing that there is opportunity and that we succeed or bomb by our own characteristics and activities. Structure is basically clarification as far as the social/financial/political setting in which activity happens. Structuralists deny that the human on-screen character is a definitive social reality, focussing rather on the arranged human entertainer. Key ideas in this center are emplacement and exemplification. A structure approach is frequently connected with the political left and scholars, for example, Smith and Marx. It contends that since conditions change through reality then the extraordinary man hypothesis doesnt work. Structuralist approaches perceive that there are explicit conditions which produce human activities or conduct. Basically people are accepted not to be atomised yet going about therefore and through the limitations and structures wherein they exist. Conduct is then not a consequence of through and through freedom but rather a result of auxiliary variables. In setting purposes behind conduct, you are starting a structure approach: disclosing activity as indicated by the structure/setting in which it happens. A structure approach would hold that people are arranged entertainers set up and epitome. We are typified genuinely, characterizing out wellbeing, openings, life prospects, and so forth , and emplaced as far as way of life, conditions, and so forth. Our activities in this manner react to the structures of some sort, wherein we are arranged. Another perspective about how structure transforms us originates from the nineteenth century social researcher, Durkheim. A model originates from Durkheims chip away at self destruction, which recorded three classes in which self destruction could happen: Egoistic: for reasons of self-disappointment or in light of individual feeling. Benevolent: to benefit others Anomic: in light of the fact that all structures have separated and life no longer has meaning This shows even comparable to this extraordinary choice, the individual doesn't act without reasons †reasons are taken because of structures. Durkheims hypothesis of social realities explains the connection among structure and foundation. Structures have need, externality and oblige, according to our conduct. Structuralists dismiss pluralism: they contend that the atomized on-screen character is the main entertainer we can know. We can along these lines foresee life chances as indicated by structures, for example, class, race and sexual orientation. From a structuralist approach we can comprehend the importance of the discussion to governmental issues. Structuralist Marxists would contend that human activity and decision is controlled by class. Society is made out of superstructure, what we can call common society which incorporates things, for example, training, expressions of the human experience and culture and base which is established of the material and financial base. Marx contended that the base characterizes the superstructure †unmistakably a structuralist and deterministic perspective on society and culture. The two levels, as indicated by Marx, are constrained by a decision class. Men make their own history, yet not under conditions based on their very own preference. Marcuse, for instance, contends that we don't live in a free society, yet a one-dimensional one. There is no opportunity, just propagation of the perspectives on the decision class. Thus, structuralist woman's rights, of the 1960s, held male centric society as the key auxiliary impact. Crafted by Germaine Greer and Kate Millet mirrors this. They saw the methodical avoidance and subjection of ladies from numerous parts of the economy and society, and clarified the position and conduct of ladies through the structures set up by men. There are reactions of this methodology. Right off the bat, structuralist accounts think little of the reflexivity and self-sufficiency of human activities. They will in general focus on the people position in a chain of importance, and don't manage the vagueness and inner conflict of human experience. There is a slanted reality at work: they quality an excessive amount of intensity/impact to not many structures. Marxists, for instance, have been blamed by women's activists for disregarding sexual orientation as a structure. Moreover, they propose tedious examples of conduct and in this manner can't clarify how changes, for instance Glasnost and the deserting of Communism have happened. Steadfast and Barnes explain the key contrasts among structure and office. They recommend â€Å"agency represents ‘the opportunity of the unexpectedly acting subject over and against the requirements that are thought to get from suffering social structures. To the degree that individuals have organization, they may act autonomously of and contrary to auxiliary limitations, as well as may (re)constitute social structures through their uninhibitedly picked activities. To the degree that they need organization, people are considered as automata, following the directs of social structures and practicing no decision in what they do. That, at any rate, is the commonest method of differentiating organization and structure with regards to what has gotten known as the structure/office banter. †5 No current theo

Dangers of Escalation of Commitment in Accounting

Threats of Escalation of Commitment in Accounting This report investigations the issue of heightening of promise to a game-plan from the point of view of the pharmaceutical business. Heightening can be characterized as a circumstance where a bombing adventure is provided with extra assets past the purpose of achievability. All things considered, acceleration conveys generous perils for associations by producing avoidable monetary misfortunes. The report investigations into the conventional reasons for acceleration by inspecting subject writing. In like manner mental, social, authoritative and venture explicit variables are distinguished as regular acceleration activators. Investigation into the specifics of the said business arranges gainfulness issues, showcase execution concerns, developing items portfolio close by improvement pipeline conditions as highlights enhancing pharma organizations helplessness to heightening. The fact of the matter is bolstered by genuine case models situated in the informative supplement. Valuation for acceleration causes takes into consideration improvement of viable avoidance strategies. The report recommends preventive measures planned for diminishing the event of heightening triggers, for example, testing the individual and social causes. Approaches for lessening different elements sway on dynamic are plot as system change just as procedure the board strategies. The report concludes with recommendations on heightening circumstances the board. Explanation of Reference The point of this 2000-word report is to request the causes and threats of heightening of duty to a game-plan from the viewpoint of pharmaceutical organizations. This report is to evaluate the threats of acceleration of responsibility to a picked strategy through the point of view of pharmaceutical organizations. So as to accomplish the point set, the paper first examinations the definition and dangers emerging from the wonder of heightening. Next, after the structure proposed by Ross Staw (1993) conventional reasons for heightening are summed up. In this manner, the report takes a gander at industry-and medication advancement explicit acceleration triggers trying to recognize why the pharmaceutical organizations are especially helpless against the threats of heightening of responsibility. At that point, heightening anticipation arrangements sorted out around handling recently recognized triggers are laid out. The report finishes up with recommendations concerning the issue of raising circumstance the executives. Acceleration of responsibility: Definition and perils Acceleration can be characterized as a circumstance where a person over-submits assets to a bombing adventure subsequent to accepting antagonistic input on its presentation. Having an alternative to stop, the chief does without sane conduct and commits more cash, time or exertion in a deception that more noteworthy contribution will carry the undertaking to fruitful finish (Staw, 1981). Some assessment proposes that acceleration as such ought not be consequently appointed negative undertone. Low degree of worker responsibility is likewise harming to authoritative execution; foundation elements may legitimize over-duty (Heath, 1995). Another view expect heightening to be a characteristic component of the business dynamic that ought to be treated as an unavoidable cost (Bowen, 1987). The predominant idea bolstered by broad research recommends that heightening of duty ought to be acted against (Brockner, 1992) on account of conveying threats of: At last prompting duplication of avoidable misfortunes; Presenting unreasonable dynamic; Subverting the essential reason of business movement: to augment gains with insignificant expenses; Creating significant open door costs Devouring unrecoverable assets, for example, time. Energy about heightening triggers takes into account improvement of productive avoidance techniques planned for lessening the event of such factors, hence shielding the organization from the previously mentioned drawbacks. Conventional reasons for acceleration Mental Introductory research proposed that acceleration emerges essentially from the regular grade of the person to self-legitimize conduct. Providing the game-plan with extra assets fills in as oblivious barrier strategy: the individual consoles him/herself that the first choice made was balanced (Staw, 1976). Self-avocation need is elevated if the chief holds obligation regarding the asset assignment (Staw, 1981), which is run of the mill for venture choice setting. Prospect hypothesis applied to heightening recommends that self-defense isn't crucial essential for its event. Acceleration is instigated by the leader utilizing an edge to settle on choices under states of vulnerability of results. The leader sees resulting choices concerning results of introductory decisions so as to deliver an intelligent casing. The negative input on the underlying asset designation brings about the ensuing appropriation being seen as a decision among distinct and conceivable misfortune, or a negative casing. In this manner people are inclined to acceleration by turning out to be hazard chasing: neglecting to acknowledge a distinct misfortune even at the expense of acquiring more noteworthy later on (Whyte, 1986). How the chief sees brought about expenses, establishes another acceleration trigger (Garland Newport, 1991). Following possibilities hypothesis, the sunk costs impact recommends that expenses acquired saw comparable to the all out consumption prompt a negative casing, prompting raising conduct. Connected with that, the abhorrence of waste gives another inspiration to gracefully the game-plan further, as opposed to confront a distinct misfortune (Arkes Blumer, 1985). Strikingly, fervor about the task results (Schmidt Calantone, 2002), and sunk-time effectã‚â ­ (Navarro Fantino, 2009) guide heightening event. Social Critically, the previously mentioned need to legitimize the rightness of conduct isn't restricted to the individual and applies to the more extensive social setting (Staw, 1976). Keeping up a picture of a steady chief among peers demonstrates similarly, or increasingly, essential to meeting self-support needs. The longing to get social endorsement is exacerbated under uncertainty of the societal position in the gathering, or in a nearness of an unfavorable group (Staw, 1976). In such cases the individual is probably going to show his/her conduct to repeat the model supported by the crowd (Brockner, 1992). As the gathering imitates pioneer generalizations that underscore the requirement for chiefs to be steady in activities so as to be seen as equipped (Staw Ross, 1980), the individual trying to accomplish consistency with the cliché picture will over-submit not to twist others confidence in their administration potential, and to reaffirm position in the gathering structure. Intra-or between bunch rivalry can show heightening. The center is moved away from target evaluation of the potential results of a picked choice onto the inspiration to win. The need to take the necessary steps to stretch out beyond the contenders presents scope for madness and heightening as such nonsensical conduct is normal to both of the gatherings in question (Bazerman, 2006). Authoritative Undertakings getting solid hierarchical help are inclined to acceleration (Pfeffer, 1981 in Ross Staw, 1993), as the leaders recognize them with the presence of association itself. Besides, the centrality of the venture to authoritative qualities and its entrenchment in the hierarchical structure represent the undertakings being proceeded in spite of reservations (Goodman et al., 1980 in Ross Staw, 1993). Loosening up the supporting foundation may compromise the very premise of working authoritative structure; incite change that is frequently connected with dangers and threats. The expenses of acknowledgment of business as usual are seen as minor to the potential perils of altered condition. Keeping up notoriety and consistency among qualities and activities demonstrate to comprise powers initiating over-responsibility from authoritative point of view (Ross Staw, 1993). Organizations having openly reported achievement may be increasingly reluctant to concede disappointment and stop with the game-plan. Task explicit High improvement costs and hazardous market execution of the completed item, the acknowledgment of disappointments and misfortunes as an element of the RD procedure, and hesitance of leaders to sincerely disconnect from the delayed undertakings represent more prominent acceleration presentation of RD ventures (Schmidt Calantone, 2002). Low potential reusability (Staw Ross, 1993) of the created yield brings about hesitance to stop the endeavor so as to evade squander. Negative encircling instigates the view of leave costs, for example, remuneration bundles as positive waste, prompting acceleration. The progression of the undertaking on a timetable comprises another danger because of sunk-cost impact (Navarro Fantino, 2009). Ventures arriving at cutting edge phases of improvement would be stopped hesitantly on account of aggregation of utilized assets, including time, and the impression of fast approaching accessibility of the foreseen gains. Industry-explicit Escalation Triggers Benefit issues Ongoing information recommends that pharmaceutical organizations are to confront decrease in benefit figures in inevitable years (Datamonitor, 2010). This can be ascribed to consistently expanding drug advancement costs: the expenses delivering the last item surpass $1 billion, with as not many as 20% of effective item sections accomplishing the earn back the original investment point (Innovation.org, 2010). Evaluations recommend that pharmaceutical organizations should dispatch two to four medications every year to keep up consistent net revenues (Gassmann Reepmeyer, 2005). Be that as it may, because of high steady loss rates the general accomplishment of associations procedure is regularly dependent on the achievement of a solitary task (Kola Landis, 2004). These components pressurize the organizations to proceed with activities and dismissal emerging reservations t

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Small Town Life, Global Opportunities at Tuck

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Small Town Life, Global Opportunities at Tuck The Tuck School of Business Administration at Dartmouthâ€"aka Tuckâ€"is located in the quaint town of Hanover, New Hampshire. Hanover has a population of approximately 11,000 and is thus considered a small college town, but Tuckies, as the schools students are known, have no shortage of access to global learning opportunities. Students gain hands-on international experience through the Tuck Global Consultancy course, which gives second years the chance to put their education into practice worldwide. Since 1997, students have consulted with approximately 100 global organizations on more than 160 projects in more than 50 countries.  On-site consulting projects are led by small teams of students working under the supervision of Tuck professors with extensive consulting backgrounds.  A large percentage of the second-year class participates in this elective, defining projects in the spring or early fall, then traveling to their assigned countries in either August and September or November and December to perform on-site research and analysis. For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Dartmouth Tuck or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Dartmouth College (Tuck) Friday Factoids Blog Archive Friday Factoid Small Town Life, Global Opportunities at Tuck The Tuck School of Business Administration at Dartmouth is located in the quaint town of Hanover, New Hampshire, which has a population of approximately 11,000 and is thus considered a small college town. However, “Tuckies,” as the school’s students are known, have no shortage of access to global learning opportunities. Students gain hands-on international experience through the “Tuck Global Consultancy” course, which gives second years the chance to put their education into practice worldwide. Since 1997, students have consulted with approximately 120 global organizations on more than 180 projects in more than 55 countries.  On-site consulting projects are led by small teams of students working under the supervision of Tuck professors with extensive consulting backgrounds.  A large percentage of the second-year class participates in this elective, defining projects in the spring or early fall, then traveling to their assigned countries in either August and September or Nov ember and December to perform on-site research and analysis. At the end of the program, students present their findings to their clients. Past clients include major corporations such as Alcoa, British Telecom, DuPont, Hewlett-Packard, Home Depot, John Deere, Johnson Johnson, Microsoft, Nike, and Walmart. For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Dartmouth Tuck or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Dartmouth College (Tuck) Friday Factoids Blog Archive Friday Factoid Small Town Life, Global Opportunities at Tuck The Amos Tuck School of Business Administration at Dartmouthâ€"aka Tuckâ€"is located in the quaint town of Hanover, New Hampshire. Hanover has a population of approximately 20,000 and is thus considered a small college town, but Tuckies, as the schools students are known, have no shortage of access to global learning opportunities. Students gain hands-on international experience through the Tuck Global Consultancy course, which gives second years the chance to put their education into practice worldwide. Since 1997, students in this course have consulted with more than 90 global organizations on more than 135 projects in more than 45 countries. On-site consulting projects are led by small teams of students working under the supervision of Tuck professors with extensive consulting backgrounds. A high percentage of the second-year class participates in this elective, and at the end of the program, students present their findings to their clients from around the globe. For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Dartmouth Tuck or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Dartmouth College (Tuck) Friday Factoids

Property Debate Between Locke Rousseau - 1103 Words

Introduction John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, two philosophers with differing opinions concerning the concept of private property. Rousseau believes that from the state of nature, private property came about, naturally transcending the human situation into a civil society and at the same time acting as the starting point of inequality amongst individuals. Locke on the other hand argues that private property acts as one of the fundamental, inalienable moral rights that all humans are entitled to. Their arguments clearly differ on this basic issue. This essay will discuss how the further differences between Locke and Rousseau lead from this basic fundamental difference focusing on the acquisition of property and human rights.†¦show more content†¦In the state of nature property does not exist. Only once man has developed tools and has a basic formation of living together as a community, does the concept of property arise with men building huts. As soon as this idea of property comes about, so do arguments and conflict. Rousseau draws on the idea that the act of agriculture and cultivating of land brings with it civilized men but at the same time ruining humanity. Eventually all land is occupied by humans and the only way one is able to obtain land is to steal it. Those who have land already, the rich, namely those who have attempted to obtain more land and those who do not have any land, the poor, in desperation of survival also try to obtain by stealing from the rich. This state of war is a situation occurring in an established civil society. Locke disagrees with this greedy situation as according to his theory, there would be no competition amongst men. Men, by the law of nature are only be allowed to appropriate and own as much as he could use because those resources would end up rotting and being wasted, leading to a liable punishment. Consequently there is never any excessive ownership of land or resources. Therefore other people still have plenty resources to appropriate and thus there is no need for quarrelling. Locke’s argument for appropriating labour is based on the principle that each person is free to appropriate land in the same way as the previous person.Show MoreRelatedThe Tradition Of Dogma And Despotism938 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the period dubbed the long century between 1685-1815. Scientific, political and philosophical understanding experienced a radical reconstruction. The venerable traditions of dogma and despotism began to be denounced and rebutted. Age-old political institutions bec ame the focal point of intellectual discussion and the ideas developed from these debates formed the fundamental components of modern democracy and Communism. 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He also believed that all men’s property starts with equal natural rights including their estate, liberty, and life. â€Å"This makes him willing to quit a condition, which, howeverRead MoreAsteroid Mining is Becoming a Reality1941 Words   |  8 Pagesthe difference between life and death in the future, therefore water should be on a blocked exchange list, which is items or exchanges that should never be performed, like buying a friend. However, to even discuss the market for minerals and metals of asteroids, who owns them to exchange? In the debate of selling the minerals and objects from asteroids, the question of property comes into play. Locke, Hume, Rousseau, and Marx all have theories on private property verses common property and can helpRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract3563 Words   |  15 Pagesmight be absent, if not for societal constructs. 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The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln - 850 Words

Title Abraham Lincoln accomplished many things in his lifetime. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the western outskirts of Kentucky and Indiana. All throughout his childhood, Lincoln strained to learn and make a living as well. He never had any kind of formal education. Extensively self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a member of the Illinois House of Representatives, and a Whig Party leader. He was an exemplary politician, and was always looked upon for leadership because of his thoughtful decisions and reasoning’s behinds his word. He was always strong-minded to accomplish his goals, and was eager to work as much as it might take to do so. Even though he was an amateur he wanted to make his mark. In 1861, Abraham Lincoln became the sixteenth president of the United States; he rose to become one of the greatest presidents. As President, he built the Republican Party into a powerful national organization. In addition, he massed most of the northern De mocrats to the Union cause. During his attempt to keep the Union in the Civil War, he gained more power and authority than any president before him. He preserved the Union, strengthened the federal government, modernized the economy, and abolished slavery. His crucial goal was to reunite the nation. Lincoln pushed a direct view of Reconstruction, seeking to reunite the nation promptly through a policy of lavish reconciliation in the face of prolonged and cruel divisiveness. On January 1, 1863, heShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1958 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership and Legacy: Background Research Paper Abraham Lincoln By:Audrey Knight Introduction Great leader and main topic Abraham Lincoln lived in the 1800’s where he accomplished many things in his 54 years of life. He lived in the U.S. through several major events in history and left a legacy that will never be forgotten. 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His principles were dedicated to the survival of the United States during one of the most gruesome and bloody wars in the country s history, the American Civil War. During his presidency, he fought for the emancipation of slaves because he believed the institution of slavery was morally unjust. His ideals, which appealed to the founding principles of the country, energized and mobilized the union and kept it alive

Essay - 802 Words

Everyday objects are not something we typically pick up take a hard look at and then ask ourselves what they tell other people about us. If the person already knew you, how could that object be used to describe you in more detail? It is an interesting thing to ponder and not as simple as you might think. Maybe the object has a more complex meaning than one might think at their first glance. Perhaps it represents a tough time in your life and how you have overcome it. Ordinary things in one person’s life can mean so much more in another person’s. Like everything in life, it is all about perspective. To see from my perspective, I need my purple glasses. I wear my purple glasses because I have astigmatism in my right eye. Which means my†¦show more content†¦It takes quite a long time for me to open up to most people. The fact that I use pencils or paint brushes instead of normal clips is a testimony to my more creative side. Artists run in my family. There are mostly painters on my mom’s side like my Grandma Mendenhall and Aunt Bulla. On my dad’s side of the family, there are more sketch artists. My dad himself sketches our DIY projects at our house and either my mom or one of my sisters have to quickly snatch it up if they want to be able to keep it. My brother is a fantastic sketch artist, though he rarely sketches anymore. My younger sister Bridget also draws fairly good and improves on her skills every day. I doodle on most of my notes in school and highlight them to give it color. Lately, colored ribbons decorate my left wrist. The blue and green ribbons around my wrist are for intracranial hypertension awareness month. My sister has intracranial hypertension which, in short, means her brain is fighting a nonexistent tumor. I always want to support my family as they mean everything to me. Many of my family members have one kind of medical condition or another and our lives have changed pretty drastically in the past few years because of them. We do things differently in a lot of areas in our lives, like how the way we prepare our food. My sister Elizabeth is the one who has intracranial hyperattention and because of herShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? This paper will discuss everything one needs to know in order to write the perfect process essay such as the definition of a process essay, how to construct it, and how to use proper transitions to make the essay flow. Read MoreEssay763 Words   |  4 PagesCan’t be Built on Soccer Fever† and â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† In Jonathan Zimmerman’s essay â€Å"African National Identities Can’t Be Built on Soccer Fever† he describes how soccer brings the people of Africa together. He talks about the unity of Africans and how much soccer is a part of their lives. He also describes the underlying reason of why soccer is so heavily pushed. The perspective in the essay â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† Tim Bowling discusses his passion for hockey and his hate forRead MoreThe Colonel Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn the essay, The Colonel, Michael Hogan illustrates the importance of the influential sport of tennis. Hogan writes about how tennis changed his life from an early age. 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I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. The key to successfully completing the essay on time is getting to researc h the topic at hand as soon as possible or before the process of writing begins. The next step for me would be to find the argument and take a side. Moreover, picking a thesis statement through brainstorming the information I gathered forRead More Flight Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Essay on quot;Flightquot; amp;#9;It is always hard to get separated from someone you love and with whom you have shared every moment of his life until he decides to walk on a different path than yours. You dont know how to react and confusion dominates your mind. Should you be angry at him for leaving you, or should you support and respect his decision ? In her essay quot;Flight,quot; Doris Lessing illustrates the story of an old man who is learning to let go his granddaughter as she growsRead MoreEssay and Academic Life1117 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage learner? Discuss two or three problems with specific examples and details. Ex. 9 Analyzing students’ essays. Use the assignment and the Student Essays to answer the following questions. Assignment: Computers have become an important part of educational process. Write convincing illustration to this statement. Use specific and convincing examples and details. Student Essay 1 Computer as a multipurpose universal instrument of education. In our days computers have become an importantRead More Community Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesan important effect on the shaping of a person’s character is key in both Pythia Peay’s essay, â€Å"Soul Searching† and Winona LaDuke’s interview transcribed in essay form entitled, â€Å"Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining Community†. The two authors present ideas, similar and different, of what it means to live in and be a part of community. Through examining these two essays, summarizing and synthesizing, we can gain a better understanding of what community is and

Social Media Good Conversation with Clients and the Consumers

Question: Write an essay on Social Media. Answer: Introduction In this recent world everyone wants to earn money of better standard of living. Nowadays everyone has some business plans which they want to start, so starting up a business is not so easy for everyone only those people can do business who have the potential and good quality of patience level in them because without patience some one cannot do a business properly and they should have the potential to bear loss and profit equally (Hodge, 1958). So a new business system after doing some research procedure came to my mind is opening a social media services, because social media services plays a vital role in every business segment. As due to rapid industrialization growth social media services has gain huge importance as many companies now looks for the specialist social service provider. So we should make a plan a proper plan to start social media services like ghost writing for business, posting blogs for the companies, providing ads in Facebook pages. A wonderful masterpiece is creat ed by the social media services. Big brand companies of social media services have increased their brand value by developing their process of work day by day. Small companies like kogi BBQ are also introduced their social media services to increasing their sales (Kociolek, A. and Clevenger, 2011). The company size does not in this type of business; the quality of work is the main instrument in this type of business. The company should have the motive is to work successfully with client and build a good relationship with the community. The 5 pillar of social media are: What is social media? - The term social media means building a good conversation with clients and the consumers. Common mistakes of social media- As we known social media have solid foundation but every business have some risks. The use of social media by different companies- The companies are using social media successfully in drive sales, build traffic, hire employees, building a community and its creates a positive well-known brand. Developing a framework for social media strategy- The question and answer which were discussed should have some reasons behind them for the development of the company as because strategy portion is crucial for the success of social media services (Otto, 1980). The process for measuring return on Investment- The strategy and research are the main part of this type of business. This is the most important part of social media marketing. Methodology As social media runs with the help of internet so some strategies are needed for better development of the services. If the company does not have a proper execution strategy the company tends to fall downwards and its brand value of company will also fall, so a proper game plan is needed for the better development of the company. The company should set the tweets as per requirements. The company employees should also have the knowledge about their competitors performance in the social service market (Pelmear, 1987). The Google Excel Docs is the place where the daily transaction are to be recorded, weekly calendar are to be used for publish calendar. The company should treat each channel as an individual entity so that they spread their company globally. An authority brand is built over the web by the online brand marketing. Building social authority is the effective part of social media. The method is creating better titles by the company which helps the posts to be more promotable. For better development of service the company should provide attention grabbing headlines that creates an elegant image .For promoting the social media services a good visual power is needed for promoting their contents. Literature Review The technology has taken social media services where the business man can extend their market campaigns for wider range. Social media services define a connection between company and its clients (Petersen, 2003). Process of communicating with the customers has changed greatly change with the emergence of social media, so the business man should learn how to use social media for the better development of the business as well as industry. This is true due to rapid growth of e-business the companies are going to gain high profits in the future internet related markets. This review states that the current literature which focuses on the social media services for expansion of marketing strategies. The social media services focus on concept of making new foundation and it also increase the impact on consumer behavior. The four main themes found during the research of the study are Virtual communication, consumers attitudes and motives, user generated contents and viral advertising. The soc ial media services can only be studied through experimental and theoretical research. This study does not particularly describe the gains of the business man from this marketing tactics. Retailers must understand the every aspect of social media. By the help of research we can examine that studies are only focusing what social media marketing is as well as the factors affecting the social media Services. Development of the study has been limited due to the initial progress by the researchers (Williams, 1997). The long term promotional gains of the retailers are to be expanded during the time of research of social media services. For better progression formalized study is needed for good outcomes for gaining more knowledge in the real life application. The gap within social media services has been touched by the reviewing of literature for the need of future studies which helps to explore the benefits gained by the marketing of social media services. Social media is defined by Kaplan and Heinlein as a group of internet based application for building an ideological foundations and which allows the user generated content. Sinclair and Vogues cite oreillys defines that social media is software tools and creates user generated the content which can be shared. There are some basic features necessary for the website which has to meet some requirements as social service network. The social service network should have its own user profiles n and the method that allows the users to connect with each other so that they can communicate with each other without any hindrance and it can allow the users to join the virtual groups. The instrument which provides information is the innovation adoption process to the consumers. B y the help of the process an individual can go through the innovation decision process (Wurster, 2003). The steps which make the process comfortable are knowledge of innovation, forming and attitude, implementation of innovation and confirmation odd deci sion. The concept of IAP helps the marketers for their fulfillment of social media services campaign and now social media is the place were consumer about their favorite companies and products. References Dauer, R., Sagarra, R. and Marti nez de Ose s, F. (2009). Maritime transport IV. Catalunya, Spain: UPC. Hodge, W. (1958). Beryllium for structural applications. Columbus, Ohio: Defense Metals Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute. Kanthopthuan wannakam kandamnnngan bambat raksa yaseptit thi mi withi kanpatibat thi penlt =. (2550). Krung Thep: Samnakngan Po.Po.So., Krasuang Yuttitham. Kociolek, A. and Clevenger, A. (2011). Effects of paved roads on birds. Canmore, Alta.: Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. Otto, C. (1980). Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. Philadelphia, PA: Society of Architectural Historians. Pelmear, P. (1987). Evaluation of occupational exposure to waste anesthetic gases in Ontario hospitals. Toronto: Ministry of Labour, Health and Safety Division, Health and Safety Support Services Branch. Petersen, T. (2003). A proposal to compare the relationship of student participation in extracurricular activities and GPA. Williams, C. (1997). Dostal. Wurster, R. (2003). Teachers and stress.

Role of Events in Branding and Promoting

The process of a constant development of new trends in the modern business and economy requires managers and marketers to develop innovative approaches to promoting products and services and to attracting potential clients. From this point, today events are discussed as the effective marketing tool which is actively used in branding and promoting because of a lot of advantages provided.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Events in Branding and Promoting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Events can be characterized as the effective marketing and advertising tool due to their orientation to the target audience and their high characteristics in relation to attracting many potential purchasers, creating the specific environment, establishing the interactive relations with clients, and demonstrating the benefits of the product or service to customers directly, in open communication. As a marketing tool, e vents are planned and organized in order to show the products’ qualities and form the definite brand awareness with the help of the open interaction with the target audience. Thus, the organization of events is the part of the strategic marketing system, and it is the successful communication tool. In this case, the purpose of the advertising events is to promote the product or service effectively with references to establishing the direct contacts with clients (Allen). The organized events are the good opportunities to persuade the audience to use the certain products with the help of presenting the products’ characteristics within the most appropriate environment. To promote the definite product, it is necessary to choose the most appropriate type of the event in order to gain more benefits and achieve the business objectives according to the developed plan and strategy. It is possible to determine such types of events which can be used as the component of the promot ing strategy as meetings, conferences, seminars, trade shows, concerts, and malls. Each type is effective for advertising different products regarding their particular features and the target audience (Wolf, Wolf, and Levine). Thus, to present the product within the limited public which is the product’s audience, it is possible to choose seminars, meetings, and conferences. They are effective while orienting to the concrete audience, clients, sponsors, and investors. To expand the target audience, increase the sales, and pay more attention to the potential clients, it is useful to choose trade shows, concerts, and malls. The entertaining character of the event and the orientation to evoking more vivid impressions help marketers create the positive brand awareness and stimulate the growth of the public’s interest to the product (Masterman and Wood).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effectiveness of events as important marketing tools depends on the successful marketing strategy and management. Marketers should concentrate on the concrete business objectives in promoting products and plan the event with references to these objectives, using PR initiatives, web initiatives, and working out direct messages (Saget). It is also significant for marketers and managers to predict the possible results of the event for maximizing the returns and increasing the investments and focus on the post-event analysis to make the necessary changes in the strategy. The advantages of using events as marketing and advertising tools are in providing the necessary associations between the brand, products, and their benefits which are based on the direct contact with clients and vivid impressions. Thus, participating in the events, clients are in open interaction with products and services, and they receive the important experiences to make the further choice in favor of the definite product and brand. Works Cited Allen, Judy. Event Planning: The Ultimate Guide to Successful Meetings, Corporate Events, Fundraising Galas, Conferences, Conventions, Incentives and Other Special Events. USA: Wiley, 2009. Print. Masterman, Guy, and Emma Wood. Innovative Marketing Communications: Strategies for the Events Industry. USA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005. Print. Saget, Allison. The Event Marketing Handbook: Beyond Logistics and Planning. USA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012. Print. Wolf, Paulette, Jodi Wolf, and Donielle Levine. Event Planning Made Easy. USA: McGraw-Hill, 2005. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Events in Branding and Promoting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on Role of Events in Branding and Promoting was written and submitted by user Houston Hendricks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

This is an analytic essay abou the Human Resources Department.

This is an analytic essay abou the Human Resources Department. Everyone knows what is wrong with New York City: crime, dirt, racial tension, drugs, welfare, taxes, inadequate housing inferior education. But here is the study of New Yorkby specialist from the fields of economics, sociology, political science, and social work who challenge all the old assumption. In fact, they come up with a refreshingly optimistic study and a realistic one claiming that the long range trend is for New York to prosper, not to decline.Much attention has been given to the alleged symptoms of a dying city, the threat of declining employments due to a loss in manufacturing, a increase in welfare cost the relocation of large corporations.Of all Americans domestics policies, welfare programs are the most disputed policy analyst from a wide spectrum of political perspectives have long argued about the cost, benefits, and objectives of various welfare programs. Welfare reform policies have been hotly debated by conservatives and liberals in congress, as well as by the adm inistrators of the program.English: House Bill and Senate Bill subsidies for ...Although these groups disagree as to the proper policies to adopt, we all agree we are in a "welfare mess". In the 2003 preliminary mayors management report indicates that a new reform for welfare services is been reauthorized for the next phase of the reform which will give our poorcommunities more opportunities and to our government more controlled over the necessities and responsibilities towards our community.Florencio 2The New York is the nation primary growth pole. It has been the birth place of many new products and technologies and has evolved as the center of corporate management, planning and innovation. The city is not dominated by one industry it is characterize by a dynamic and diverse, but independent set of activities relating to the management and growth of the sectors. It is...

Compare and Contrast Two Gothic Cathedrals Assignment

Compare and Contrast Two Gothic Cathedrals - Assignment Example Monumental sculpture was the earliest art situated on the walls of Abbeys and Cathedrals. It was a style used in expressing power as its characteristics were used to express emotions (Newman, 2001). Gothic architecture has been used in many different places like the guild halls, palaces castles and town halls among others. In this research we are going to rely on the gothic in the middle-age period which is between 1350 to 1520 CE. We will mainly observe compare and contrast the Chartres gothic cathedral and Amiens cathedral- Western Faà §ade (Rudolph, 2006). They are both used as places of worship by believers (Rudolph, 2006). This means that they act as churches and the advisors among a given group during that period. This promoted religion to move widely as compared to past Era. 3. Amiens Cathedral-Western Faà §ades made from France and during that time limestone was very available thereby being used in its construction. England at that time had coarse limestone and also red sandstone which was used in its construction (Harvey, 2006). 7. They both have message as they mainly target the society. This gives an idea or religious beliefs and also information to the society and population at large. The gothic was also used in representing the universe in the microcosm and also used as a way of preaching to the public. 8. Religion is the main subject of the cathedrals. This is because they are used as a sacred place for worship. They were used for biblical teaching taking an example of the Virgin Mary’s gothic to express the kind of love to their believer. 13. Symbolism is used by the drawings on the wall representing people from the bible like the prophets of the bible. There is the example of the trinity portal which is in three parts representing God the father, the son and the Holy Spirit (Harvey, 2006). 15. The function of the gothic artwork is to attract people to the churches in order to spread

Fitness Movement in the USA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fitness Movement in the USA - Assignment Example Several fitness businesses ranging from small storefronts to multipurpose clubs, women-only bastions to muscle gyms dotted the sporting landscape. Stand-alone clubs donated the industry until the twentieth century when the industry was transformed by the large centrally owned chains. According to Costa & Guthrie (1994), the last decade of the twentieth century was depicted by the formation of â€Å"Chandlerian† core, a contrast to the peripheral industry. The fitness movement thrived successfully in an environment that gifted collective individualism; an environment where the labor of public exercise initiated individual virtue. The shifting gender relations and the interest of women and men in molding a fit toned but healthy body were the founding issues of the movement (Costa & Guthrie, 1994).   In conclusion, the fitness movement focused on health and individuals’ responses to building self-esteem. The movement serves a positive and vital need while focussing on profits from people and depend on insecurities and the desire to have a glimpse at commercially constructed images of aesthetic value. The images of beauty taking the form of fitness in hyper-competitive, zero-sum, winner-take-all environment with an evanescent mirage security lead to deteriorating human happiness.

Increasing Pedestrian Safety

Increasing Pedestrian Safety 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Intersection is the most critical place for pedestrian as they come directly into contact with the ongoing traffic. Both signalized and un-signalized intersection pose a safety concern and different measures have been taken to safely and effectively accommodate pedestrian and traffic in the intersections. To accommodate pedestrians, two common types of pedestrian phasing have been used at signalized intersections -concurrent phasing and exclusive phasing (or scramble phasing). Concurrent pedestrian phasing is the most common and used all over the world, but there are so many places where exclusive pedestrian phasing has also been used. A concurrent phasing allows pedestrian to cross parallelly with the motor vehicle traffic on any approach having green indication. Both pedestrians and vehicles share the same green phase of traffic signal which allows longer flow of traffic and pedestrians. The interaction of traffic come with the pedestrian due to right turning and left turning movements across the pedestrian crosswalk. There may be another interaction from the vehicles of right turns on red from the approach perpendicular to the crosswalk. Alternatively, an exclusive pedestrian phase is only for pedestrian crossing which stops all the vehicular movement and pedestrian can cross any direction including diagonally. This increases the overall cycle length of the signal, but ensures no interaction of pedestrian with the traffic. 2.2 Academic Research To address pedestrian safety huge amount of research has been done, but there is still much work to do and there is still scope to look from a different new perspective and analyze the safety measures. There are various factors responsible for pedestrian safety at an intersection and different studies have been done to analyze those factors and measure the importance. But, surprisingly, there have been relatively few studies performed comparing concurrent and exclusive pedestrian phase form the viewpoint of the safety benefits, number of illegal crossings, crash number and change in LOS of the intersections. After the implementation of an exclusive pedestrian phase, it is very essential to understand how users are accepting this. Any facility can be a failure if the people cannot use the way it should be used. Positive and accepting perspective is crucial for the success of an exclusive pedestrian phase as non-compliance will lead to illegal crossing which will undue the ultimate goal of exclusive pedestrian signal. McKernan et al. (2016) investigated pedestrian compliance of concurrent and exclusive pedestrian crossing at 42 signalized intersections to find whether there are differences between pedestrian compliance with exclusive pedestrian phasing and concurrent pedestrian phasing. They used binary regression model to estimate pedestrian compliance and they considered pedestrian phasing type, intersection characteristics such as vehicular and pedestrian volume, crossing distance and speed limit. They found significantly higher pedestrian compliance with concurrent pedestrian phasing t hen exclusive pedestrian phasing. But the difference was not significant when they considered exclusive pedestrian phase intersections as if it had concurrent phasing and they concluded that pedestrian treat exclusive pedestrian phase as a concurrent pedestrian phase. (McKernan, 2016). Few other researchers observed and collected data regarding pedestrian compliance with exclusive pedestrian phase. According to Lina Kattan, public showed a positive attitude toward exclusive pedestrian phase and they understood the change in the way the intersection used to work and accepted it. (Lina Kattan 2009). To get the benefits of an exclusive pedestrian phasing, it is necessary to understand pedestrian crossing behavior in such an unconventional facility. Few studies investigated the changes in pedestrian crossing behavior following the implementation of an exclusive pedestrian phase. Hediyeh et al. (2015) investigate the changed behavior using spatiotemporal gait parameters (step length and step frequency). They found both average step length and walking speed were significantly higher for diagonally crossing pedestrians compared with pedestrians crossing on the conventional crosswalks. They found pedestrians to have the tendency to increase their step length more than their step frequency to increase walking speed. They also found that, compared with men, women generally increase their walking speed by increasing their step frequency more than step length. However, when in non-compliance with signal indications, women increase their walking speed by increasing their step length more t han step frequency. (H. Hediyeh, 2015). Medina et al. also emphasized on better understanding of pedestrian behavior at locations with exclusive pedestrian phases. To do that they collected field data from a college campus at busy intersection and analyzed the individual and group crossing data. From the analysis, they found 15th percentile speeds for the diagonal and the parallel crossings were respectively 4.37ft/s and 4.49 ft./s which are higher than the 3.5 ft./s as recommended by the MUTCD. They also found, 15th percentile speeds of pedestrians traveling individually and those in free flow were significantly higher than those traveling in groups and in non-free-flowing conditions. In addition, they observed fewer pedestrian to cross diagonally than parallelly. (J. C. Medina, 2014). Hediyeh et al. (2014) has also investigated changes in pedestrian speed behavior following the implementation of an exclusive pedestrian phase. They studied pedestrian speed variations with respect t o design changes to intersection crossings. The results showed that the average crossing speed is higher after the implementation of the exclusive pedestrian phase. They found higher average crossing speed for diagonal crossing than side crosswalk crossing. They also observed pedestrians to have higher speed through the first half of the crosswalk. (Houman Hediyeh, 2014) Marsh et al. conducted a survey and an analysis of existing pedestrian and vehicle movements to find the change in patterns that would result from the inclusion of an exclusive pedestrian phase in the existing signalized intersections. He considered convenience, comfort and safety as three main requirements for pedestrian crossing and the improvement of these criteria due to the change of crossing facility. The investigation showed that the three criteria are not enhanced by the change to exclusive pedestrian control. He also found vehicular traffic is to be disadvantaged with an increase in delays, stops and longer queues at traffic signals. Again, he found an increase in pedestrian delay by varying degrees, though it reduces the distance pedestrians must travel. Using a computerized simulation, he found that exclusive pedestrian phasing would have resulted in a 5% to 7% reduction in distance traveled by pedestrians at several intersections in New Zealand. (Marsh, 1982) The main purpose of implementing an exclusive pedestrian phase is to reduce the interaction of pedestrian with the traffic. Though it is designed to meet the purpose but the filed condition is not always favorable. Various reasons may be responsible for this including illegal pedestrian crossing, red light running etc. The interaction may not always lead to a safety hazard but definitely this is crucial for the success of exclusive pedestrian phase. Zhanga et al. (2015) compared exclusive and concurrent pedestrian phasing from the perspective of severity of interaction with motor vehicles where they observed and classified pedestrian crossing and severity of interaction. From their research, they found that, pedestrian experience lower interaction severity with motor vehicles with exclusive pedestrian phase compared to crossing on the green light with concurrent pedestrian phase. They also found lower crash number in case of exclusive pedestrian phase but crash severity was high than crashes of concurrent pedestrian phase. (Yaohua Zhanga, 2015) Reducing interaction is supposed to lead in reduction of pedestrian crash number. As pedestrian phase is implemented only to accommodate pedestrian safely it was thought to reduce pedestrian crash number significantly. Different study shows different results regarding the reduction of crash frequency. Zegeer et al. (1982) studied 1296 traffic signalized intersection to determine significance of pedestrian signal indications and signal timing strategies to pedestrian accidents. From their analysis using different statistical tests, they found no significant difference in pedestrian accidents between intersections that had concurrent walk pedestrian signals compared with intersections that had no pedestrian signal indications. For exclusive pedestrian crossing, they found lower number of pedestrian crashes with moderate to high pedestrian volume. (Charles V. Zegeer, 1982). Again, Garder et al. (1989) tested the safety benefit of exclusive pedestrian crossing at three sites and found to be beneficial in small town but not in city. He found that exclusive pedestrian signal may not be effective in city due to high number of red walker in the city traffic signal intersection. He suggested that shorter waiting time will decreases the number of red walking. (Garder, 1989). As the sample size was not very large, detailed study is required to say where exclusive pedestrian phase is beneficial, in the city or in the small town. Zaidel et al. (1987) also tested the relationship between pedestrian crossing types and average number of accidents including both pedestrian and vehicle accidents. From their analyzed 5-year data from 320 signalized intersections they concluded that, pedestrian crossing type has no effect on vehicular accident and very less effect on pedestrian accident. They identified vehicle volume, pedestrian activity, and intersection complexity as the reasons behind pedestrian and vehicular accidents. But they indicated that, exclusive and concurrent pedestr ian phases may provide different degrees of pedestrian protection for different combination of vehicle and pedestrian volume. (D. M. Zaidel, 1987). Fleig and Duffy found no significant reduction in the proportion of unsafe acts or pedestrian accidents after the installation of exclusive pedestrian signals at 11 locations. Their accident data were limited to 27 accidents in the before period and 25 accidents in the after period, with each of these periods only one year in duration. The authors of the study concluded that pedestrian signals are not effective in reducing pedestrian accidents (P. Fleig, 1967). But the limited data used raise questions about the statistical validity of this conclusion. Chen et al. evaluated relative effectiveness of four signal related pedestrian countermeasures in New York City and found exclusive pedestrian phase as the second most effective countermeasure to reduce pedestrian crashes but they described it to insignificantly increase vehicle crashes. ( Li Chen, 2012). The few published evaluations of scramble signals have generally found that in cases in which vehicle volumes are high, scramble phasing has reduced crashes and traffic conflicts. Moreover, in cases with high pedestrian volume conflicting with turning vehicles, scramble phasing has been shown to be especially effective. Abrams et al. conducted a research to compare safety of pedestrians and delay of both pedestrian and vehicles for four different types of phasing facility of an intersection. The results of the study indicated that the combined pedestrian-vehicle interval will almost always minimize overall pedestrian and vehicle delay. The only exception occurs for the case in which a pedestrian-vehicle conflict causes long queues of vehicles to form in a right-turning lane (or left-turning lane on a one-way street). They suggested that, exclusive pedestrian phasing is capable of increasing pedestrian safety by completely separating pedestrian and vehicular movements; however, this benefit is canceled if pedestrian compliance is low. They emphasized that, if violations are frequent, the use of exclusive pedestrian phasing may be a safety hazard. (C. M. Abrams, 1977) Very few researchers tried to model exclusive pedestrian phase and evaluate the delay. Nash et al. carried out a modelling work to assess the efficiency of exclusive pedestrian phases at traffic signals. They examined one cross intersection and one T-intersection in the Melbourne CBD and used SIDRA software package to model the existing two-phase operation and the three-phase exclusive pedestrian crossing arrangement. They found a slight increase in pedestrian delay and significant increase in vehicular delay. (D. Nash, 2010) The main reason behind insignificant reduction of pedestrian crash number is number of illegal crossing. Since, traffic is stopped on all directions, exclusive pedestrian phasing results in longer delays for motor vehicles and pedestrians. The illegal crossing is intrigued by this long waiting time which can make pedestrian frustrated. In such case, pedestrians often do not wait for the pedestrian phase, potentially resulting in unexpected interactions between pedestrians and motor vehicles. The requested pedestrian phase may then go unused, but the drives have to wait for the phase to run its course. It also impacts them negatively and red light running may increase. Pedestrian phase is an additional phase. Few studies showed that crash frequency in a signalized intersection may change due to increase of the number of signal phases. Agbelie et al. investigated crash data of seven years from 381 intersections and concluded that, a unit increase in the number of signal phases would in crease crash frequency by 0.4. (Bismark R. D. K. Agbelie, 2014) Some researcher has got opportunity to conduct study right after the implantation of an exclusive pedestrian signal like Kattan et al. (2009), who conducted a study to evaluate the pedestrian safety of an exclusive pedestrian phase at an intersection of Canada. They collected pedestrian conflicts on that intersection for six weeks and developed poison regression model to model the number of conflicts and violations. Their findings showed decreased pedestrian-vehicle conflicts but increased pedestrian signal violations. They found 13% of the violation was safe as it was concurrent with the vehicle movement and 2% crossings were unsafe. (Lina Kattan, 2009). They continued the study to determine the longer-term effect of this operation on pedestrian safety. To do that, they collected data again one year after the implementation of exclusive pedestrian signal and developed four poison regression model to model the number of conflicts and violations. They found some changes in the results from the previous study conducted at the same location. Their results showed that the number of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts and pedestrian violations decreased significantly on weekdays but both pedestrian violations and conflicts increased significantly on weekends after implementation of the scramble operation. (Manoj Shah, 2010). Bechtel et al. (2004) conducted a similar study in the city of Oakland, California to determine the safety impacts of an exclusive pedestrian signal. They found statistically significant decrease in the number of conflicts between pedestrian and vehicle but significant increase in the number of illegal crossing. They concluded that exclusive pedestrian phase improved pedestrian safety despite the increased number of illegal crossing as those illegal crossings are concurrent to traffic flow which makes the crossing somehow safe. (Allyson K. Bechtel K. E., 2003). Several other researchers tried to measure the pedestrian- vehicle conflict level for exclus ive pedestrian signal. Yang et al. (2005) found that exclusive pedestrian phases are effective measures to reduce conflicts between pedestrians and motor vehicles at signalized intersections. (X. Yang, 2005). The main issue with implementing exclusive pedestrian phase is not having specific guidelines. For traffic signal or number of phasing there are developed guidelines to follow. But no specific guidelines for implementing exclusive pedestrian phase was found in MUTCD or similar sources. Few researchers suggested few cases when to install an exclusive pedestrian phase. According to Li Chan, exclusive pedestrian phase should be installed at intersections with many pedestrians and a modest amount of traffic. But no range was developed to follow or work on. Again, in downtown area where pedestrian accumulation is rapid, an exclusive pedestrian phase may be beneficial. Compared crash data has not covered long range of time. Previous few studies compared crash data for one to three years before and after the implementation. More detailed analysis is needed to come to the conclusion if the pedestrian safety has been improved or not. Implementation of a type of pedestrian signal is also related to the characteristics of the location and the problem that the intersection is facing. For example, increasing cycle length may not be effective in a university area, but may be needed in an area with high number of elderly people. The above-mentioned studies focused on the compliance issue, before and after crash analysis to some extent, and safety benefit, none of the studied examined the change of LOS in the intersection for different types of pedestrian facility. Again, pedestrian vehicle interaction and conflict count may be used to predict crashes. References Allyson K. Bechtel, K. E. (2003). Oakland Chinatown Pedestrian Scramble: An Evaluation. Safe Transportation Research Education Center . Allyson K. Bechtel, K. E. (2004). Pedestrian Scramble Signal in Chinatown Neighborhood of Oakland, California. Transportation Research Record , 19-26. Bismark R. D. K. Agbelie, A. M. (2014). Impacts of Signal-Related Characteristics on Crash Frequency at Urban Signalized Intersections. Journal of Transportation Safety Security, 7, 199-207. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2014.943867 C. M. Abrams, S. A. (1977). Selection of Pedestrian Signal Phasing. 56th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Charles V. Zegeer, K. S. (1982). Effect of Pedestrian Signals and Signal Timing on Pedestrian Accidents. Transportation Research Board, 62-72. D. M. Zaidel, I. H. (1987). Safety of Pedestrian Crossings at Signalized Intersections. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1141, 1-6. D. Nash, . W. (2010). The efficiency of scramble crossings. Transport Research International Documentation. Garder, P. (1989). Pedestrian Safety at Traffic Signals: A Study Carried Out with the Help of a Traffic Conflicts Technique. Accident Analysis Prevention, 21, 435-444. H. Hediyeh, T. S. (2015). The use of gait parameters to evaluate pedestrian behavior at scramble phase signalized intersections. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 49, 523-534. doi:doi: 10.1002/atr.1284. Houman Hediyeh, T. S. (2014). Automated Analysis of Pedestrian Crossing Speed Behavior at Scramble-phase Signalized Intersections Using Computer Vision Techniques. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 8(5), 382-397. doi:10.1080/15568318.2012.708098 J. C. Medina, E. G. (2014). Analyzing Pedestrian Behavior during Exclusive Pedestrian Phases for Improved Intersection Signal Timing. TDI Congress 2014: Planes, Trains, and Automobiles . Li Chen, C. C. (2012). The relative effectiveness of signal related pedestrian countermeasures at urban intersections-Lessons from a New York City case study. Transportation Research Record. Lina Kattan, S. A. (2009). Pedestrian Scramble Operations: Pilot Study in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2140, 79-84. Manoj Shah, L. K. (2010). Follow-up Study on Pedestrian Scramble Operations in Calgary, Canada. Transportation Research Board. Marsh, D. R. (1982). Exclusive Pedestrian Control for Dunedins Cnetral Business District. Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand, Transportation and Traffic Engineering Group Technical Session, 8. McKernan, K. R. (2016). A Study of Pedestrian Compliance with Traffic Signals Exclusive and Concurrent Phasing. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. P. Fleig, D. D. (1967). A Study of pedestrian Safety Behavior Using Activity Sampling. Traffic Safety,. X. Yang, W. M. (2005). Criterion of setting exclusive pedestrian phases at two-phase signalized intersections. Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 127-131. Yaohua Zhanga, S. A. (2015). Safety effects of exclusive and concurrent signal phasing for pedestrian crossing. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 26-36.

Sex vs. Solitude Essay -- The Woman in the Dunes, Onehundred Year

Solitude can exist in many ways and can be present in any form in human beings. Each person is eventually alone deep inside themselves, which is why communication and connections are essential in life. In the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Kobo Abe's The Woman in the Dunes, solitude is one of the main dilemmas that the main characters in the novels encounter. In the novels, the main characters are perpetually looking for a way to defeat their loneliness in the world and in many cases try to find it through sexual intercourse. The patriarch Jose Arcadio Buendia, in One Hundred Years of Solitude, is the founder of Macondo. The location of Mocondo is significant as it sits on an isolated place which gives the sense of the Buendia family being surrounded by solitude. It also seems as if solitude is an inherited trait of the Buendia family leading to a pattern of incest, which was started by Jose Arcadio Buendia and his wife, who is also his first cousin, Ursula Iguaran. Sex is probably used in the novel as a way to somehow bond the family together. Sex can be used as a tool to make connections to one another and can create body language which can also be a way of communicating. We see this especially in the second generation of the family, when Colonel Aureliano Buendia has sex during the wars with seventeen different women (which he shows no sign of predilection towards). You can also deduce that he went on a journey to free himself from solitude and overall was unsuccessful as it was shown when he m ade an attempt to get with the adolescent mulatto girl enslaved by her grandmother. This shows an effort by one of the Buendia men to try to have a loving relationship with another chara... ...There was no particular need to hurry about escaping." (239). Realizing his situation, he becomes one with the dunes and is able to live a purposeful life with the woman he once opposed living with. Without any type of sexual relationship, none of the characters in the novels One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Kobo Abe's The Woman in the Dunes would have been explored thoroughly. Sex usually exposes a hidden hope or apprehension, desire and lust for something. In this case the characters of the novels lust, desire for identity and companionship, and is something they strive to acquire. In order to attain this, they attempt to use sex as a tool to triumph over solitude and gain communication and connection to reach one another. This is why sex is essential in providing two crucial things that are necessary in life to avoid solitude.

Food Hygeine

4. 3 Describe basic food safety when providing food and drink to children and young people The Prevention of Food Poisoning Store food safely Keep food cold, the fridge should be kept as cold as possible without freezing the food ( 1-5 . c or 34-41. c) Freezers should be kept at -18 or below Cover or wrap food with food wrap of microwave cling film Never refreeze food Do not use food that is past the sell-by date Always read instructions on food packaging when storing food Once a tin is open store in a covered potStore raw foods at the bottom of the fridge in case of any dripping onto cooked food Always wash hands in warm soapy water and dry thoroughly before handling food Wear clean protective clothing when in the kitchen Keep food covered at all times Wash all fruit and vegetables before use Never cough or sneeze over food Always cover cuts with a blue plaster Keep work surfaces and chopping boards clean use different coloured chopping boards for raw meat raw fish fruit and vegetab les Make sure that meat is cooked through before serving Avoid raw eggs as you could get salmonellaWhen reheating food make sure it is hot all the way through the dish to kill any germs Keeping the Kitchen Safe Teach the children to wash their hands before eating or preparing food and after they have used the toilet Keep it clean to avoid flies and other insects in the kitchen Stay away from the kitchen if you have sickness or diarrhoea Keep the kitchen clean: Clean work surfaces, the floor, utensils, sink, cloths and rubbish bins Tea towels and wash cloths should be kept clean and washed regularly Keep all rubbish bins covered and empty them regularlyKeep sharp knives and scissors stored safely where the children cannot reach them Good Food Hygiene When serving, preparing and clearing away food after meals and snacks you should observe the rules of food hygiene. 1. Wash hands with warm soapy water and dry them thoroughly 2. Wear clean protective clothing 3. Ensure any washing up is done with hot water and washing up liquid and wear rubber gloves.If possible put the washing up in a dish washer. 4. Tea towels should be washed regularly and clean ones should be used daily. 5. Never cough or sneeze over food or drink Wearing Aprons Wearing aprons helps to protect clothing and to stop the spread of germs Hand Washing Chopping Boards Using different coloured chopping boards helps to prevent cross – infection when preparing food.

A Study Of Ethics And Morality Essay - 1474 Words

The study of ethics and morality is an extremely broad and general theme. It covers countless different areas of human life and our relationships with the decisions we make and their effects on all aspects of our own and others’ lives. According to the text of Thiroux and Krasemann, the topic of sexual morality is truly â€Å"the heart of morality† (260). The morality of human sexuality and marriage deeply covers the complex characteristics of human relationships and friendships, sexuality, love, intimacy, and a multitude of other moral engagements between humans. The main objective of this paper is to examine and clarify why, as humans, we should be concerned with the sexual morality of ourselves and others. While other major themes covered prior may not relate to all humans directly (such as abortion or the debate of taking a life), moral issues in sexuality are experienced by every member of humanity. In certain societies, the sexual behavior of a person is intensely dependent on the policies and rules of their religion. Even though religion serves as the mighty tradition holder of many cultures, it does not provide a fair explanation for how people should behave in terms of sexuality because of its ambiguity and lack of clarity. Sexual morality should be a concern to all human beings because we are all influenced by the purposes and public and private aspects of human sexuality, and we also all face conflicts in regards to various moral issues of sexuality. In addition, theShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Religion and Ethics Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesTo answer this question, we must first understand what both ethics and morality are. As ethics is defined as the philosophical study of morality, those who study religion get their moral precepts from what they believe God says should be done. 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